Detection of variable manufacturing tolerance packages utilizing x-rays

ABSTRACT

Detection of components ( 22-24 ) missing from sealed packages ( 16 ) is accomplished by combining a multiplicity of electrical outputs representing the mass in volumes of the package ( 16 ) and comparing the combined value with a standard value for packages ( 16 ) including all components ( 22-24 ). In the preferred form, the mass is represented by the absorption of x-rays, with the packages ( 16 ) being conveyed on a conveyor ( 18 ) between an x-ray radiator ( 12 ) generating a fan-shaped x-ray beam ( 14 ) and a line array ( 20 ) of individual detectors ( 20   a,    20   b , etc.). The detectors ( 20   a,    20   b , etc.) detect radiation after passing through the package ( 16 ) and provide a numerical electrical signal equal to the amount of radiation detected. If the sum of the multiplicity of numerical electrical signals is less than the standard value, the package ( 16 ) is rejected from the conveyor ( 18 ) by a rejection device ( 30 ).

CROSS REFERENCE

The present application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.09/420,163 filed Oct. 18, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,215,845.

BACKGROUND

The present invention generally relates to the detection of missingcomponents in a package, particularly to an x-ray scanner and processingsystem for detecting missing components in a package, and specificallyto an x-ray scanner and processing system for detecting missingcomponents which can have a variety of positions within a package.

A number of products are marketed in the form of multiple componentswhich are included within a sealed package, with the consumer removingthe components from the package at a location remote from the point ofpurchase and combining those components to form the final product. Asthe components are located within the package, the manufacturer as wellas the consumer are unable to verify whether or not the package includesall components until after the package is opened. As many products arenow mechanically packaged, packages where all the components are notthere, where multiple components are present, and like deficiencies willbe created depending upon machinery reliability. As such packagingerrors are a major cause of consumer complaints especially when packagesdo not include all the necessary components to produce the finalproduct, there exists a need for systems to detect whether the propercomponents are present in the package without requiring the opening ofsuch packages.

One manner of such detection is by weighing the final package aftersealing. This suffers from several shortcomings including reliability ofcorrectly weighing the individual packages as they are being conveyed ona conveyor. Similarly, the weight of a component may be such that if onecomponent were omitted (or a duplicate included), the package includingthe remaining components would be within the range of weights for thepackage including all components manufactured within the normalmanufacturing tolerances.

Also, the components could be manufactured including identifiers whichcan be sensed outside of the package. However, it can then beappreciated that this has limitations in the number of identifiers whichcan be included in a single package and still be separatelyidentifiable, typically requires extra manufacturing steps, and resultsin false negatives as the components could be present in the package buteither the identifiers were omitted or could not be sensed from outsideof the package.

X-ray scanning systems have had wide commercial success in the detectionof contaminants in a package. Typical applications would be detectingmetal in food products, bone portions in fillets, lumps or clumps inpowdered or semi fluid components, or the like. Although prior x-rayscanning systems have been utilized for detecting missing components,use of x-ray scanning systems were generally limited to packages wherethe components are in a consistent position within the packages. Examplepackages would include egg cartons, TV dinners, and the like.

X-ray scanning detection systems are desirable for several reasonsincluding but not limited to they do not require use of identifiers, donot require any modifications to the production line upstream from thedetection system, do not leave marks or have the potential of damagingthe sealed package and the like. Thus, a need exists for an x-rayscanning system which is able to detect which packages include one ormore missing components where the components can have a variety ofarrangements or positions within the package and which do not generate asubstantial number of false negatives.

SUMMARY

The present invention solves this need and other problems in the fieldof package x-ray detection systems and methods by, in the most preferredform, comparing the combined value of a multiplicity of outputs ofradiation detectors corresponding to areas of a package with a standardvalue for a package including all desired components and rejecting anypackages having package values that do not meet the standard value. Inthe most preferred form, the multiplicity of outputs are generated bymoving the packages on a conveyor between a fan shaped beam x-rayradiator and a row of detectors.

It is thus an object of the present invention to provide a novel x-rayscanner and processing system.

It is further an object of the present invention to provide such a novelx-ray scanner and processing system which is not orientation dependent.

It is further an object of the present invention to provide such a novelx-ray scanner and processing system especially useful for detectingmissing components in a package where the components can have a varietyof positions or arrangements inside of the package.

It is further an object of the present invention to provide such a novelx-ray scanner and processing system substantially eliminating thegeneration of false negatives.

Other objects and advantages of the invention will become apparent fromthe following detailed description of an illustrative embodiment of thisinvention described in connection with the drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The illustrative embodiment may best be described by reference to theaccompanying drawings where:

FIG. 1 shows a diagrammatic view of an x-ray scanner and processingsystem according to the preferred teachings of the present invention.

FIG. 2 shows a cross sectional view of a representative package scannedby the system of FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 shows an array of illustrative numerical outputs generated by thesystem of FIG. 1 scanning a package of the type represented by FIG. 2.

FIG. 4 shows a graphical depiction generated by prior systems scanning apackage of the type represented by FIG. 2.

FIG. 5 shows a cross sectional view of another representative packagescanned by the system of FIG. 1.

FIG. 6 shows an array of illustrative numerical outputs generated by thesystem of FIG. 1 scanning a package of the type represented by FIG. 5.

FIG. 7 shows a graphical depiction generated by prior systems scanning apackage of the type represented by FIG. 5.

All figures are drawn for ease of explanation of the basic teachings ofthe present invention only; the extensions of the figures with respectto number, position, relationship and dimensions of the parts to formthe preferred embodiment will be explained or will be within the skillof the art after the following description has been read and understood.Further, the exact dimensions and dimensional proportions to conform tospecific force, weight, strength, and similar requirements will likewisebe within the skill of the art after the following description has beenread and understood.

DESCRIPTION

An x-ray scanner and processing system according to the preferredteachings of the present invention is shown in the drawings andgenerally designated 10. System 10 includes an x-ray radiator 12 whichgenerates energy waves in the form of a fan-shaped x-ray beam 14encompassing and irradiating packages 16 on a conveyor 18. The plane ofthe fan shaped x-ray beam 14 is perpendicular to the conveyingdirection, with the conveying direction extending out of the plane ofthe drawing. The radiation passing through package 16 and conveyor 18 isreceived by a line or row array 20 comprised of a plurality ofindividual detectors 20 a, 20 b, etc. For purposes of explanation, itwill be assumed that eleven individual detectors 20 a, 20 b, etc. extendacross the width of package 16 on conveyor 20. In actuality, the numberof individual detectors 20 a, 20 b, etc. is in the order of 256 to 512.Likewise, for purposes of explanation, a numerical reference is given tothe output of each of the individual detectors 20 a, 20 b, etc., withthe larger number indicating that a greater amount of radiation is beingreceived by the individual detectors 20 a, 20 b, etc. In the followingdescription, when package 16 is not positioned between x-ray radiator 12and array 20, the maximum output of the individual detector 20 a, 20 b,etc. is 255. It can then be appreciated that if package 16 is positionedbetween radiator 12 and array 20, the output of the individual detectors20 a, 20 b, etc. will be less than 255 depending upon the particularcomposition to the material in the plane of x-ray beam 14. As anexample, if metal were positioned in between radiator 12 and anyparticular detector 20 a, 20 b, etc. in the plane of beam 14, the outputof those particular detectors 20 a, 20 b, etc. would be 0 as noradiation would be detected. However, it can be appreciated that thenumerical value is entirely arbitrary and a matter of choice. As anexample, the value could be based upon the amount of radiation blocked,with the numerical value of 0 indicating no radiation is being blockedand a positive number such as but not limited to 100 indicating that100% of the radiation is being blocked. The same principles are involvedno matter what numerical values are assigned to the outputs of theindividual detectors 20 a, 20 b, etc.

It should further be appreciated that beam 14 is generated in cycles byradiator 12 and in the most preferred form is generated at approximately700 cycles/second. Thus, as package 16 is conveyed on conveyor 18 andmoved between radiator 12 and array 20, individual detectors 20 a, 20 b,etc. generate a multiplicity of outputs corresponding to distinct areasof package 16. In the most preferred form, package 16 takes about onehalf second to pass entirely through the plane of beam 14 such that 350readings are made across package 16.

It should then be appreciated that system 10 as described thus far is ofa conventional design (see as an example U.S. Pat. No. 4,788,704).Historically, such systems 10 were utilized to detect contaminants inpackage 16. As an example, if the output of one or more individualdetectors 20 a, 20 b, etc. indicated that no radiation was beingdetected at any time that package 16 including food was in the plane ofbeam 14, package 16 was rejected because such an indication indicatedthe undesired presence of metal. Such rejection typically is in the formof removal from conveyor 18 by suitable means 30 such as but not limitedto removal by air jets, grabbing or pushing arms, moveable conveyorsections or the like. In addition to metals, system 10 could be utilizedto detect other contaminants such as but not limited to the presence ofa bone in a fillet, or the like, where the amount of radiation beingdetected by the individual detectors 20 a, 20 b, etc. was less than therange of amount normally detected by the individual detectors 20 a, 20b, etc. Use of system 10 for detecting contaminants in packages 16 hashistorically been very successful in these applications.

In addition to the presence of unwanted components, the next progressionof system 10 was to detect the absence of missing components.Specifically, packages 16 often include multiple components 22, 23, and24. As an example, component 22 could be a pouch including a base suchas pasta, component 23 could be a pouch including a sauce such as atomato sauce, and component 24 could be a pouch including a topping suchas a cheese. Prior to the present invention, system 10 utilized the samethreshold detection in determining whether components were missing aswhen contaminants were present. Specifically, it was assumed that if thecomponents 22-24 were present, the amount of radiation being detectedwould be less than when one or more components 22-24 were missing. Thus,if the amount of radiation that was detected by detectors 20 a, 20 b,etc. was less than a threshold amount, it was assumed that thecomponents 22-24 were present. Use of system 10 in this manner is fairlysuccessful if components 22-24 and package 16 had consistentpositioning, in other words everything in package 16 was regimented andstationary relative to package 16. As an example, packages 16 in theform of egg cartons including individual components 22-24 in the form ofeggs held in their own compartments and always passing through the planeof beam 14 in the same orientation can be successfully scanned by system10 to detect the absence of one or more individual eggs from package 16.Specifically, if one or more individual eggs were missing from package16, the radiation detected by array 20 would be greater than forpackages 16 where individual eggs are not missing and could be rejectedby system 10. In this regard, detection of missing components 22-24having consistent positioning inside of package 16 can be successfullyaccomplished using a threshold mode of operation where if a thresholdamount of radiation reduction is detected, it can be assumed that thecomponents 22-24 are there, and additionally if a greater amount ofradiated reduction is detected, it can be assumed that a contaminant ispresent.

It can be appreciated that if packages 16 passed through the plane ofbeam 14 in a different orientation, the radiation reduction detected bythe individual detectors 20 a, 20 b, etc. would not be the same betweenthe individual packages 16. However, the orientation of packages 16entering system 10 can be easily mechanically controlled to beconsistent. The problem arises when components 22-24 can have a varietyof positions or are allowed to move inside of package 16. Specifically,the radiation reduction detected by the individual detectors 20 a, 20 b,etc. would not be the same with components 22-24 at various positionsinside of package 16.

With this as background, the method of detecting missing components22-24 from package 16 according to the teachings of the presentinvention can be explained and differentiated from prior methods inconnection with a package 16 including three components 22-24. Forpurposes of explanation, it is desirable to have components 22-24 in avertical stacked arrangement on conveyor 18 in the position shown inFIG. 2 with base component 22 located intermediate components 22 and 24and with component 23 located closest to conveyor 18. It can beappreciated that when mechanically positioned in and sealed withinpackage 16, components 22-24 will be in the desired arrangement about90% of the time. However, about 10% of the time, for whatever reason,components 22-24 do not have the desired orientation. An example ofanother possible orientation is shown in FIG. 6 wherein components 23and 24 are in a side-by-side arrangement adjacent to conveyor 18 andcomponent 22 is stacked on and straddles components 23 and 24.

FIG. 3 represents an array of a multiplicity of numerical outputs of theindividual detectors 20 a, 20 b, etc. as package 16 including components22-24 in the arrangement of FIG. 2 passes through the plane of beam 14.It should be appreciated that the array is merely illustrative for thesake of simplicity as only 11 readings are provided in each row acrossthe width of package 16 corresponding to 11 individual detectors 20 a,20 b, etc. when in actuality a multiple of times that number ofindividual detectors 20 a, 20 b, etc. are provided. Similarly, only 16readings are provided in each column across the length of package 16corresponding to the number of cycles of radiator 12 when in actuality amultiple of times that number of cycles are provided. Based upon anx-ray value of 255 where no reduction in radiation is detected andconsidering the lowest value detected by the individual detectors 20 a,20 b, etc. in the line array 20 or considering the value detected by anindividual detector 20 a, 20 b, etc. generally located in the center ofthe width of package 16, a reduction in the radiation is detected as thepaperboard or other material forming package 16 passes through the planeof beam 14, which reduction is indicated by the numerical output of 230.Further reduction in radiation is detected as component 23 passesthrough the plane of beam 14, and then components 22 and 23 pass throughthe plane of beam 14, and then all three components 22-24 pass throughthe plane of beam 14. It can be appreciated that the reduction indetected radiation will be the greatest when the plane of beam 14simultaneously passes through all three components 22-24, with theactual reduction of radiation being dependent upon several factorsincluding the particular consistency of the material within components22-24, the particular thickness of components 22-24 and the like, withthe greatest reduction in radiation in the example having a numericaloutput of 24. As package 16 continues to travel through the plane ofbeam 14, there is less reduction in radiation as the end of component 23passes through the plane of beam 14, and lesser still as the end ofcomponent 24 passes through the plane of beam 14, and even lesser stillas the end of component 22 passes through the plane of beam 14 and beam14 again only passes through the material forming package 16. It shouldbe appreciated that the individual detectors 20 a, 20 b, etc. do nothave the same numerical outputs, but the radiation detected by anyparticular detector 20 a, 20 b, etc. and the numerical output will bedependent on the particular position of the particular detector 20 a, 20b, etc. in array 20, with the detectors 20 a, 20 b, etc. adjacent theedges of package 16 and components 22-24 typically experiencing lessradiation reduction than detectors 20 a, 20 b, etc. in the center ofpackage 16.

FIG. 4 represents a graphical representation that would be displayedutilizing prior methods for the numerical outputs of the array of FIG.3. In particular, the lowest numerical value (representing the greatestreduction in radiation) is plotted for each successive reading aspackage 16 passes through beam 14. As this numerical value is below athreshold value indicated as the numerical value of 45 in FIG. 4, thisparticular package 16 would pass the scanning test of system 10 andwould not be rejected thereby. In this regard, the numerical value doesnot pass a minimal value such as being equal to 0 which would indicatethe presence of a contaminant, which would be a reason that system 10would reject package 16.

FIG. 6 represents an array of numerical outputs of individual detectors20 a, 20 b, etc. as package 16 which includes components 22-24 in thearrangement of FIG. 5 passes through the plane of beam 14 utilizing thesame parameters as set forth for FIG. 3. Based upon an x-ray value of255 where no reduction in radiation is detected and considering thelowest value detected by the individual detectors 20 a, 20 b, etc. inthe line array 20 or considering the value detected by an individualdetector 20 a, 20 b, etc. generally located in the center of the widthof package 16, a reduction in the radiation is detected as thepaperboard or other material forming package 16 passes through the planeof beam 14, which reduction is indicated by the numerical output of 230.Further reduction in radiation is detected as component 23 passesthrough the plane of beam 14, and then components 22 and 23 pass throughthe plane of beam 14. However, as package 16 continues to travel throughthe plane of beam 14, there is less reduction in radiation as the end ofcomponent 23 passes through the plane of beam 14 and beam 14 passes onlythrough component 22. Greater reduction in radiation is again detectedas the end of component 24 passes through the plane of beam 14 and beam14 passes through both components 22 and 24. There is less reduction inradiation as the end of component 22 passes through the plane of beam 14and lesser still as the end of component 24 passes through the plane ofbeam 14 and beam 14 again only passes through the material formingpackage 16. In this example, beam 14 never passes simultaneously throughcomponents 22-24 and thus the reduction in radiation of package 16 ofFIG. 6 is lesser than the maximum reduction in detected radiation ofpackage 16 of FIG. 2.

FIG. 7 represents a graphical representation that would be displayedutilizing prior methods for the numerical outputs of the array of FIG.6. In particular, the lowest numerical value (representing the greatestreduction in radiation) is plotted for each successive reading aspackage 16 passes through beam 14. As this numerical value is alwaysabove a threshold value indicated as the numerical value of 45 in FIGS.4 and 7, this particular package 16 would fail the scanning test ofsystem 10 and would be rejected by the rejection means 30 of system 10.However, package 16 of FIG. 5 includes all 3 components 22-24 , andsystem 10 would have provided a false negative. In actual practice,about one half of the 10% of the packages 16 which contain all 3components 22-24 but not in the desired arrangement of FIG. 2 arefalsely rejected as not including all components 22-24. This is anamount which makes system 10 utilizing prior methods commerciallyunacceptable for detecting missing components 22-24 in packages 16.

The present invention is the recognition that the outputs of theindividual detectors 20 a, 20 b, etc. of array 20 can be utilized in amanner which was not previously considered and/or which was consideredinoperable to arrive at a commercially acceptable method for detectingmissing components 22-24 in packages 16. In particular, it wasrecognized that although the manner that radiation is reduced isdependent upon the arrangement of components, the total amount ofradiation which is absorbed by components 22-24 as well as the materialforming package 16 is generally dependent upon mass of the particularcomponents and the amount of mass does not change with the arrangementof components 22-24. According to the methods of the present invention,the multiplicity of electrical outputs of individual detectors 20 a, 20b, etc. is combined to arrive at a combined value by suitable meansdiagramatically designated in FIG. 1 as 26. It can then be appreciatedthat the sum of all the values of each of the individual detectors 20 a,20 b, etc. of array 20 of all of the successive readings as package 16passes through beam 14 provides a representation of the combination ofthe electrical values of radiation absorbed by components 22-24 and thematerial forming package 16 located in discreet volumes represented byindividual blocks in the arrays of FIGS. 3 and 6, with the amount ofradiation being absorbed being directly related or in other words arepresentation of the mass of components 22-24 and package 16 in thosediscreet volumes.

According to the teachings of the present invention, the combined valueis compared with a standard value by suitable means diagramaticallydesignated in FIG. 1 as 28. The standard value is identified by scanningand obtaining combined values of packages 16 including all components22-24 within the normal manufacturing tolerance ranges. In this regard,the standard value would be in the form of a range for acceptableproducts. The standard value could be variable and float according tothe particular operating parameters including but not limited to theenvironment temperature, relative humidity, and the like.

As shown in FIG. 3, the total sum of values of the numerical outputs ofthe individual detectors 20 a, 20 b, etc. for all of the successivereadings as package 16 of FIG. 2 passes through beam 14 is 22398 whichis equal to the total sum of values of the numerical outputs of theindividual detectors 20 a, 20 b, etc. for all of the successive readingsas package 16 of FIG. 7 passes through beam 14, even through thenumerical outputs for particular detectors 20 a, 20 b etc. are not thesame in the arrays of FIGS. 3 and 6. The total sum of values is then setto encompass normal manufacturing tolerances from a desired package 16including the desired weight and makeup of components 22-24 .

There are several reasons why it is believed that persons skilled in theart did not consider utilizing the total amount of radiation which isabsorbed as a criteria in testing packages 16. First, this method of thepresent invention does not provide testing for contaminants, the initialreason why system 10 was developed. In particular, although thenumerical outputs of particular detectors 20 a, 20 b, etc. forparticular readings could be beyond the prior thresholds, the total sumof values could be within an acceptable range for the desired total.Thus, it is believed that the mindset of those skilled in the art wasthat this criteria would not useful in testing packages for contaminantsand thus would not be useful in testing packages per se. Althoughrecognizing this deficiency, the method of the present invention is arecognition that x-ray system 10 can be utilized in a different mannerto achieve results which were not previously considered or consideredinoperable. In this regard, testing for contaminants in addition to themethod of the present invention is contemplated including but notlimited to the utilization of prior x-ray contamination methods inparallel with the methods of the present invention and even utilizingthe same outputs of the individual detectors 20 a, 20 b, etc. but formultiple purposes.

Additionally, the method of the present invention does not lend itselfto graphical depiction as do the prior methods as depicted in FIGS. 4and 7. In particular, although a single value for each successivereading of array 20 has significance and can be easily graphicallydisplayed, the successive readings of array 20 has no significance inthe method of the present invention as only the total value of thereadings representing the total amount of radiation absorbed hassignificance. Thus, graphical depiction is not needed, and only acounter type gauge 32 showing the total value of the readings is theonly type of visual indication necessary, if desired.

Further it should be appreciated that unlike mass, absorption of x-raysis position dependent. As an example, the absorption of x-rays issubject to a Bernoulli Equation as to distance. It can then beappreciated that the distance of components 22-24 from radiator 12 aredifferent in packages 16 shown in FIGS. 2 and 5, and thus the rate ofabsorption of x-rays by components 22-24 as sensed by the individualdetectors 20 a, 20 b, etc. in the packages 16 of FIGS. 2 and 5 will bedifferent. Due to this non-linear relationship and the belief that thiswould prevent any meaningful use of an indication of the total amount ofx-ray absorption, its use prior to the present invention had not beenconsidered or had been considered inoperable by persons skilled in theart. However, it was discovered that in the ranges necessary to operatesystem 10 according to the methods of the present invention that aperson skilled in computer processing can easily develop an algorithmwhich converts the values of detectors 20 a, 20 b, etc. to approximate alinear relationship to allow the total sum of values to have a practicaland meaningful significance in the method of the present invention inthe detection of missing components 22-24 in package 16. The method ofthe present invention is then proceeding opposite to conventionalthinking in the field of x-ray detection systems.

Although not illustrated, it can be clearly appreciated that if one ormore components 22-24 were missing from package 16, the prior methodwould not reach its threshold value and the total sum of values wouldnot be within the acceptable range of the method of the presentinvention. Thus, both methods would result in a rejection of package 16which omitted one or more components 22-24 by any suitable means such asbut not limited to an air jet diagramatically designated in FIG. 1 as30.

Similarly, system 10 can be utilized in the method of the presentinvention to detect if individual components 22-24, although present,are not within the desired manufacturing weight tolerances. Inparticular, it should be appreciated that if components 22, 23, or 24are present in a greater amount than desired, the radiation detectedwill be less and if present in a lesser amount than desired, theradiation detected will be greater. This variation (outside of a normaltolerance range) can be detected by system 10 according to the teachingsof the present invention. Thus, the line check weigher scales utilizedin prior production lines could be eliminated utilizing system 10 of thepresent invention and especially for small weight components could havegreater reliability than prior conveyor scales.

Similarly, in the most preferred form system 10 could be utilized tocheck for contaminants in parallel with the methods for checking formissing components of the present invention. Thus, metal detectors andother component checking equipment could be eliminated.

Those skilled in the art will further appreciate that the presentinvention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing fromthe spirit or central attributes thereof. In that the foregoingdescription of the present invention discloses only exemplaryembodiments thereof, it is to be understood that other variations arecontemplated as being within the scope of the present invention.Accordingly, the present invention is not limited in the particularembodiments which have been described in detail therein. Rather,reference should be made to the appended claims as indicative of thescope and content of the present invention.

What is claimed is:
 1. Method for detecting if a package is within arange of manufacturing tolerances comprising: generating a multiplicityof electrical outputs representing the mass in volumes of the package;combining the multiplicity of electrical outputs to arrive at a combinedvalue; identifying a standard value of a package within the range ofmanufacturing tolerances; comparing the combined value with the standardvalue; and rejecting the package where the combined value does not meetthe standard value.
 2. The method of claim 1 wherein generating themultiplicity of electrical outputs comprises: radiating the package withan x-ray beam generated by an x-ray radiator; and detecting radiationpassing through the package at spaced locations on the opposite side ofthe package than the x-ray radiator.
 3. The method of claim 2 whereinthe package is on a conveyor when radiated.
 4. The method of claim 3wherein the package is radiated by a fan shaped x-ray beam; wherein theradiation is detected by a line of detectors; and wherein the package ismoved between the radiator and line of detectors to generate themultiplicity of electrical outputs.
 5. The method of claim 4 wherein themultiplicity of outputs corresponds to the total volume of the package.6. The method of claim 5 further comprising: displaying the combinedvalue.
 7. The method of claim 6 wherein the electrical outputs arenumerical values.
 8. The method of claim 7 wherein the electricaloutputs represent the amount of radiation detected.
 9. The method ofclaim 1 wherein the package is radiated by a fan shaped x-ray beam;wherein the radiation is detected by a line of detectors; and whereinthe package is moved between the radiator and line of detectors togenerate the multiplicity of electrical outputs.
 10. The method of claim1 wherein the multiplicity of outputs corresponds to the total volume ofthe package.
 11. The method of claim 1 wherein the electrical outputsare numerical values.
 12. The method of claim 1 wherein the electricaloutputs represent the amount of radiation detected.
 13. The method ofclaim 1 wherein identifying the standard value comprises identifying thestandard value of the package within the range of manufacturing weighttolerances.
 14. System for detecting if a package is within a range ofmanufacturing tolerances comprising, in combination: means for radiatingthe package with an energy wave which is absorbable by the package;means for detecting the energy passing through the package and forgenerating a multiplicity of electrical outputs representing the mass involumes in the package; means for combining the multiplicity ofelectrical outputs to arrive at a combined value; means for comparingthe combined value with a standard value for a package within the rangeof manufacturing tolerances; and means for rejecting the package wherethe combined value does not meet the standard value.
 15. The system ofclaim 14 wherein the radiating means comprises an x-ray radiator. 16.The system of claim 15 wherein the x-ray radiator radiates a fan-shapedx-ray beam; and wherein the detecting means comprises a line ofindividual detectors, with the package being moved between the x-rayradiator and the line of detectors to generate the multiplicity ofelectrical outputs.
 17. The system of claim 16 further comprising, incombination: a conveyor for conveying the package between the radiatingmeans and the detecting means, with the rejecting means removing thepackage from the conveyor.
 18. The system of claim 16 wherein thedetecting means detects the level of energy remaining after passingthrough the package.
 19. The system of claim 14 wherein the detectingmeans detects the level of energy remaining after passing through thepackage.
 20. The system of claim 14 wherein the comparing meanscomprises means for comparing the combined value with the standard valuefor a package within the range of manufacturing weight tolerances.